![]() The earliest known Old Turkic inscriptions are the three monumental Orkhon inscriptions found in modern Mongolia. The 10th-century Irk Bitig or "Book of Divination" The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect. The language makes usage of honorifics and has a strong T–V distinction which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender. The basic word order of Turkish is subject–object–verb. The distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's Reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with a Latin alphabet. To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish-the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire-spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. Turkish is the 13th most spoken language in the world. Cyprus has requested that the European Union add Turkish as an official language, even though Turkey is not a member state. Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers exist in Iraq, Syria, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Greece, the Caucasus, and other parts of Europe and Central Asia. It is the national language of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Turkish ( Türkçe ( listen), Türk dili), also referred to as Turkey Turkish ( Türkiye Türkçesi), is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 70 to 80 million speakers.
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